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  • Title: Tibial fractures involving the ankle in children. The so-called triplane epiphyseal fracture.
    Author: Cooperman DR, Spiegel PG, Laros GS.
    Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am; 1978 Dec; 60(8):1040-6. PubMed ID: 102648.
    Abstract:
    Triplane fractures of the distal end of the tibia in fifteen children (average age, thirteen years) represented 6 per cent of 237 consecutive epiphyseal fractures of the ankle. Thirteen children were treated by closed methods (including manipulation) and two had open reduction of the fractures. At an average of twenty-six months after injury, three of fourteen patients showed roentgenographic evidence of premature symmetrical epiphyseal closure with less than 0.5 centimeter of shortening and no angular deformity. Of twelve children examined clinically, three had a 5 to 10-degree external rotation deformity and one patient also had an articular incongruity due to inadequate reduction. In the five cases in which tomograms were used to the medial malleolus, and the anteromedial part of the epiphysis. The lateral fragment included the remainder of the epiphysis together with a piece of posterior metaphysis with attached fibula.
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