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  • Title: T cell costimulatory blockade: new therapies for transplant rejection.
    Author: Gudmundsdottir H, Turka LA.
    Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol; 1999 Jun; 10(6):1356-65. PubMed ID: 10361876.
    Abstract:
    Optimal T cell responses occur when T cells receive both antigen-specific signals through the T cell receptor and non-antigen-specific costimulatory signals through accessory cell surface molecules. The best understood costimulatory receptor is CD28. Signals through the T cell receptor and CD28 cooperatively induce cytokine gene expression and promote T cell proliferation and survival. Negative signals delivered through a related cell surface receptor, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), act to terminate immune responses and are required for normal immune homeostasis. This article reviews T cell costimulation, including the CD28/CTLA-4 system and other potential costimulatory pathways (such as CD40/CD154), the role of these pathways in normal immune responses, and the potential for the inhibition of these pathways to induce transplantation tolerance.
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