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  • Title: Attributes of quiet stance in the chronic spinal cat.
    Author: Fung J, Macpherson JM.
    Journal: J Neurophysiol; 1999 Dec; 82(6):3056-65. PubMed ID: 10601441.
    Abstract:
    Standing is a dynamic task that requires antigravity support of the body mass and active regulation of the position of the body center of mass. This study examined the extent to which the chronic spinal cat can maintain postural orientation during stance and adapt to changes in stance distance (fore-hindpaw separation). Intact cats adapt to changes in stance distance by maintaining a constant horizontal orientation of the trunk and changing orientation of the limbs, while keeping intralimb geometry constant and aligning the ground reaction forces closely with the limb axes. Postural adaptation was compared in four cats before and after spinalization at the T(6) level, in terms of the forces exerted by each paw against the support, body geometry (kinematics) and electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from chronic, indwelling electrodes, as well as the computed net torques in the fore and hindlimbs. Five fore-hindpaw distances spanning the preferred distance were tested before spinalization, with a total range of 20 cm from the shortest to the longest stance. After spinalization, the cats were trained on a daily basis to stand on the force platform, and all four cats were able to support their full body weight. Three of the four cats could adapt to changes in stance distance, but the range was smaller and biased toward the shorter distances. The fourth cat could stand only at one stance distance, which was 8 cm shorter than the preferred distance before spinalization. All cats shifted their center of pressure closer to the forelimbs after spinalization, but the amount of shift could largely be accounted for by the weight loss in the hindquarters. The three cats that could adapt to changes in stance distance used a similar strategy as the intact cat by constraining the trunk and changing orientation of the limb axes in close relation with the forces exerted by each limb. However, different postures in the fore- and hindlimbs were adopted, particularly at the scapula (more extended) and pelvis (tipped more anteriorly). Other changes from control included a redistribution of net extensor torque across the joints of the forelimb and of the hindlimb. We concluded that the general form of body axis orientation is relatively conserved in the spinal cat, suggesting that the lumbosacral spinal circuitry includes rudimentary set points for hindlimb geometry. Both mechanical and neural elements can contribute toward maintaining body geometry through stiffness regulation and spinal reflexes.
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