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  • Title: Effect of CCK-4 on a 35% carbon dioxide challenge in healthy volunteers.
    Author: Pols H, Griez E, Bourin M, Schruers K.
    Journal: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry; 1999 Nov; 23(8):1345-50. PubMed ID: 10631762.
    Abstract:
    1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a subthreshold dose of CCK-4 would enhance the vulnerability of healthy subjects to a 35% carbon dioxide challenge. 2. 27 subjects, with no prior or present psychiatric disorder and in good physical condition were challenged with a vital capacity breath of a 35% carbon dioxide mixture, immediately after an intravenous injection of 5 micrograms CCK-4 or placebo, according to a random order double blind crossover design. 3. Subjects reported significantly less panic symptoms upon carbon dioxide after premedication with CCK-4 than after placebo. 4. Both CCK-4 and carbon dioxide may act on the same neuronal pathways, but seem to inhibit rather than potentiate each other effects.
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