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  • Title: Infant formulas.
    Author: Bender KJ, McKenzie MW, Seals AJ.
    Journal: J Am Pharm Assoc; 1975 May; 15(5):230-8, 246. PubMed ID: 1091687.
    Abstract:
    The last 30 years have shown marked improvements in formula feeding of infants. A decrease in breast-feeding popularity and improved sanitary formula methods are responsible for increased use of formulas. Because an infant's growth rate is highest from birth to 1 year, nutritional adequacy of the diet is of vital importance. Necessary for evaluating an infant's formula are the following: 1) the formula should have essential nutrients but not in excess; 2) it should be readily digestible; and 3) there should be a reasonable distribution of calories derived from protein, fat and carbohydrates; digestibility of the fat source is important. Iron deficiency anemia, the most prevalent deficiency in infants, is remedied by the use of iron-fortified commercial formulas. The most effective nutritionally balanced milk is human milk. 2 reasons for other choices are infantile abnormal conditions which require therapeutic formulas or the mother's choice not to breast-feed. A comparison of cow's and human milk shows that the former has 3 times as much ash and protein (which alters digestibility) than normally found in the latter. Differences in casein or curd content triglycerides and percentage of carbohydrates are sufficient to render human milk more easily digestible and nutritionally complete than cow's milk. Standard formulas, on the other hand, nutritionally approximate cow's and human's milk by chemically altering casein proteins, replacing butterfat with vegetable oils and creating highly concentrated electrolyte replacements for electrolyte loss during diarrhea and vomiting. A wide variety of therapeutic formulas are employed for milk allergy, fat restrictions, congenital heart disease, low birth weight infants and phenylektonuria. Preparation of infant formulas include ready-to-feed, concentrated liquid and concentrated powder. Proper dilution in the latter 2 is stressed as is the absolute need for sterilization of all equipment used in formula preparation. The appropriate choice would be a formula that is well tolerated by the infant, conveniently stored and prepared, and within the family budget.
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