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  • Title: Microbiological and pharmacodynamic considerations in the treatment of infection due to antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Author: Appelbaum PC.
    Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 2000 Aug; 31 Suppl 2():S29-34. PubMed ID: 10984325.
    Abstract:
    The incidence of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased alarmingly in recent years. The problem is exacerbated by the global spread of resistant organisms. Currently, the incidence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci isolated from clinical specimens in the United States is > or = 35%. For empirical oral treatment of community-acquired respiratory infections, 3 choices are available: beta-lactam agents, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. In considering the therapeutic efficacy of these agents, it is essential to also take pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) factors into account. Many drugs are effective against penicillin-susceptible strains. However, the higher the minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin, the more likely that cross-resistance to beta-lactam agents and macrolides will occur. Currently, the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci is low; it is proposed that adequate dosing based on the PK/PD properties of fluoroquinolones may help reduce the emergence of resistant organisms. Prudent use of all antimicrobials is essential to decrease the emergence of strains resistant to these agents.
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