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  • Title: Pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.
    Author: Cassell J, Kell P, Adler M.
    Journal: J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care; 1997 Oct; 3(10):20-3. PubMed ID: 11364742.
    Abstract:
    The epidemiology, pathology, and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are examined, emphasizing the issues relating to HIV infection. PID is considered a risk factor for HIV seroconversion. PID diagnosis is complex, causing some investigators to suggest using diagnostic algorithms based on particular constellations of symptoms and signs. Laparoscopic diagnosis has been an invaluable tool although its role is being reevaluated due to weaknesses in sensitivity and specificity. Women with an uncertain diagnosis of PID, and/or pregnant patients or HIV-positive women presenting with PID should be hospitalized for more intensive diagnostic testing. To some observers, the high incidence of PID in HIV-positive women is attributed to reduced CD4+ cell counts or to increased anaerobic colonization, yet studies show that responses to therapy are not influenced by the presence of HIV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends aggressive treatment for PID in HIV-infected women, who should also undergo an intravenous antimicrobial regimen. Patients with PID, gonorrhea, or chlamydia should also be tested for other sexually transmitted diseases, be advised that sexual partners should be treated, and be educated on safe sex practices to avoid transmitting resistant strains.
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