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  • Title: Frustation and learned helplessness.
    Author: Rosellini RA, Seligman ME.
    Journal: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process; 1975 Apr; 1(2):149-57. PubMed ID: 1141820.
    Abstract:
    This article reports the transfer of learned helplessness from one aversive motivator, shock to another, frustration. In experiment 1, animals were trained to approach food in a runway and concomitantly exposed to either escapable, inescapable, or no shock in a different situation. Extinction was conducted in the runway, and subsequently the animals were tested for hurdle-jump escape from the frustrating goal box. Inescapably shocked rats failed to learn to hurdle-jump, whereas escapably or nonshocked animals learned the frustration escape response. Experiment 2 replicated the basic finidngs of Experiment 1 and showed transfer of learned helplessness from shock to frustration when no running response had been first acquired in the runway.
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