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  • Title: Treatment of phantom limb pain with combined EMG and thermal biofeedback: a case report.
    Author: Belleggia G, Birbaumer N.
    Journal: Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback; 2001 Jun; 26(2):141-6. PubMed ID: 11480164.
    Abstract:
    Phantom pain is a frequent consequence of the amputation of an extremity and causes considerable discomfort and disruption of daily activities. This study describes a patient with extreme phantom limb pain following amputation of the right upper limb. The treatment consisted of 6 sessions of EMG biofeedback followed by 6 sessions of temperature biofeedback. The patient did not use a prosthesis and had not received previous treatment for chronic pain. Results demonstrated complete elimination of phantom limb pain after treatment, which was maintained at a 3- and 12-month follow-up. Pain relief covaried with increase in skin temperature at stump and perceptual telescoping (retraction of phantom limb into stump).
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