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  • Title: Synergistic cooperation between hypoxia and transforming growth factor-beta pathways on human vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression.
    Author: Sánchez-Elsner T, Botella LM, Velasco B, Corbí A, Attisano L, Bernabéu C.
    Journal: J Biol Chem; 2001 Oct 19; 276(42):38527-35. PubMed ID: 11486006.
    Abstract:
    Signaling by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family members is mediated by Smad proteins that regulate gene transcription through functional cooperativity and association with other DNA-binding proteins. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a transcriptional complex that plays a key role in oxygen-regulated gene expression. We demonstrate that hypoxia and TGF-beta cooperate in the induction of the promoter activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is a major stimulus in the promotion of angiogenesis. This cooperation has been mapped on the human VEGF promoter within a region at -1006 to -954 that contains functional DNA-binding sequences for HIF-1 and Smads. Optimal HIF-1alpha-dependent induction of the VEGF promoter was obtained in the presence of Smad3, suggesting an interaction between these proteins. Consistent with this, co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that HIF-1alpha physically associates with Smad3. These results demonstrate that both TGF-beta and hypoxia signaling pathways can synergize in the regulation of VEGF gene expression at the transcriptional level.
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