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  • Title: beta-Arrestin-mediated ADP-ribosylation factor 6 activation and beta 2-adrenergic receptor endocytosis.
    Author: Claing A, Chen W, Miller WE, Vitale N, Moss J, Premont RT, Lefkowitz RJ.
    Journal: J Biol Chem; 2001 Nov 09; 276(45):42509-13. PubMed ID: 11533043.
    Abstract:
    beta-Arrestins are multifunctional adaptor proteins known to regulate internalization of agonist-stimulated G protein-coupled receptors by linking them to endocytic proteins such as clathrin and AP-2. Here we describe a previously unappreciated mechanism by which beta-arrestin orchestrates the process of receptor endocytosis through the activation of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a small GTP-binding protein. Involvement of ARF6 in the endocytic process is demonstrated by the ability of GTP-binding defective and GTP hydrolysis-deficient mutants to inhibit internalization of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. The importance of regulation of ARF6 function is shown by the ability of the ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 to inhibit and of the ARF nucleotide exchange factor, ARNO, to enhance receptor endocytosis. Endogenous beta-arrestin is found in complex with ARNO. Upon agonist stimulation of the receptor, beta-arrestin also interacts with the GDP-liganded form of ARF6, thereby facilitating ARNO-promoted GTP loading and activation of the G protein. Thus, the agonist-driven formation of a complex including beta-arrestin, ARNO, and ARF6 provides a molecular mechanism that explains how the agonist-stimulated receptor recruits a small G protein necessary for the endocytic process and controls its activation.
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