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  • Title: Hypospadias: a review.
    Author: Wilkin P, Metcalfe JO, Lakey WH.
    Journal: Can J Surg; 1979 Nov; 22(6):532-7. PubMed ID: 115563.
    Abstract:
    Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly with a prevalence estimated to be as high as 1 in 125 live male births. Its etiology is not entirely resolved but is embryologic in origin and has been attributed to fusion defects. Several authors believe it is a manifestation of intersex. Experience to date has produced a general consensus with regard to indications, timing and surgical principles for repair of the hypospadiac meatus. While two-stage procedures have been the mainstay of therapy, successful single-stage procedures have recently been developed. The prevention and management of the complications of persistant chordee, fistula and stricture make hypospadias repair one of the more challenging urologic procedures.
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