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  • Title: The familial phenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder in relation to tic disorders: the Hopkins OCD family study.
    Author: Grados MA, Riddle MA, Samuels JF, Liang KY, Hoehn-Saric R, Bienvenu OJ, Walkup JT, Song D, Nestadt G.
    Journal: Biol Psychiatry; 2001 Oct 15; 50(8):559-65. PubMed ID: 11690590.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders have phenomenological and familial-genetic overlaps. An OCD family study sample that excludes Tourette's syndrome in probands is used to examine whether tic disorders are part of the familial phenotype of OCD. METHODS: Eighty case and 73 control probands and their first-degree relatives were examined by experienced clinicians using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety version. DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained by a best-estimate consensus procedure. The prevalence and severity of tic disorders, age-at-onset of OCD symptoms, and transmission of OCD and tic disorders by characteristics and type of proband (OCD + tic disorder, OCD - tic disorder) were examined in relatives. RESULTS: Case probands and case relatives had a greater lifetime prevalence of tic disorders compared to control subjects. Tic disorders spanning a wide severity range were seen in case relatives; only mild severity was seen in control relatives. Younger age-at-onset of OCD symptoms and possibly male gender in case probands were associated with increased tic disorders in relatives. Although relatives of OCD + tic disorder and OCD - tic disorder probands had similar prevalences of tic disorders, this result is not conclusive. CONCLUSIONS: Tic disorders constitute an alternate expression of the familial OCD phenotype.
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