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  • Title: A 10-year experience in nasal reconstruction with the three-stage forehead flap.
    Author: Menick FJ.
    Journal: Plast Reconstr Surg; 2002 May; 109(6):1839-55; discussion 1856-61. PubMed ID: 11994582.
    Abstract:
    Because of its ideal color and texture, forehead skin is acknowledged as the best donor site with which to resurface the nose. However, all forehead flaps, regardless of their vascular pedicles, are thicker than normal nasal skin. Stiff and flat, they do not easily mold from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional shape. Traditionally, the forehead is transferred in two stages. At the first stage, frontalis muscle and subcutaneous tissue are excised distally and the partially thinned flap is inset into the recipient site. At a second stage, 3 weeks later, the pedicle is divided. However, such soft-tissue "thinning" is limited, incomplete, and piecemeal. Flap necrosis and contour irregularities are especially common in smokers and in major nasal reconstructions. To overcome these problems, the technique of forehead flap transfer was modified. An extra operation was added between transfer and division.At the first stage, a full-thickness forehead flap is elevated with all its layers and is transposed without thinning except for the columellar inset. Primary cartilage grafts are placed if vascularized intranasal lining is present or restored. Importantly, at the first stage, skin grafts or a folded forehead flap can be used effectively for lining. A full-thickness skin graft will reliably survive when placed on a highly vascular bed. A full-thickness forehead flap can be folded to replace missing cover skin, with a distal extension, in continuity, to supply lining. At the second stage, 3 weeks later during an intermediate operation, the full-thickness forehead flap, now healed to its recipient bed, is physiologically delayed. Forehead skin with 3 to 4 mm of subcutaneous fat (nasal skin thickness) is elevated in the unscarred subcutaneous plane over the entire nasal inset, except for the columella. Skin grafts or folded flaps integrate into adjacent normal lining and can be completely separated from the overlying cover from which they were initially vascularized. If used, a folded forehead flap is incised free along the rim, completely separating the proximal cover flap from the distal lining extension. The underlying subcutaneous tissue, frontalis muscle, and any previously positioned cartilage grafts are now widely exposed, and excess soft tissue can be excised to carve an ideal subunit, rigid subsurface architecture. Previous primary cartilage grafts can be repositioned, sculpted, or augmented, if required. Delayed primary cartilage grafts can be placed to support lining created from a skin graft or a folded flap. The forehead cover skin (thin, supple, and conforming) is then replaced on the underlying rigid, recontoured, three-dimensional recipient bed. The pedicle is not transected. At a third stage, 3 weeks later (6 weeks after the initial transfer), the pedicle is divided. Over 10 years in 90 nasal reconstructions for partial and full-thickness defects, the three-stage forehead flap technique with an intermediate operation was used with primary and delayed primary grafts, and with intranasal lining flaps (n = 15), skin grafts (n = 11), folded forehead flaps (n = 3), turnover flaps (n = 5), prefabricated flaps (n = 4), and free flaps for lining (n = 2). Necrosis of the forehead flap did not occur. Late revisions were not required or were minor in partial defects. In full-thickness defects, a major revision and more than two minor revisions were performed in less than 5 percent of patients. Overall, the aesthetic results approached normal. The planned three-stage forehead flap technique of nasal repair with an intermediate operation (1) transfers subtle, conforming forehead skin of ideal thinness for cover, with little risk of necrosis; (2) uses primary and delayed primary grafts and permits modification of initial cartilage grafts to correct failures of design, malposition, or scar contraction before flap division; (3) creates an ideal, rigid subsurface framework of hard and soft tissue that is reflected through overlying skin and blends well into adjacent recipient tissues; (4) expands the application of lining techniques to include the use of skin grafts for lining at the first stage, or as a "salvage procedure" during the second stage, and also permits the aesthetic use of folded forehead flaps for lining; (5) ensures maximal blood supply and vascular safety to all nasal layers; (6) provides the surgeon with options to salvage reconstructive catastrophes; (7) improves the aesthetic result while decreasing the number and difficulty of revision operations and overall time for repair; and (8) emphasizes the interdependence of anatomy (cover, lining, and support) and provides insight into the nature of wound injury and repair in nasal reconstruction.
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