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  • Title: Perceiving motion while moving: how pairwise nominal invariants make optical flow cohere.
    Author: Cutting JE, Readinger WO.
    Journal: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform; 2002 Jun; 28(3):731-47. PubMed ID: 12075899.
    Abstract:
    Computer-generated sequences simulated observer movement toward 10 randomly placed poles, 1 moving and 9 stationary. When observers judged their direction of movement, or heading, they used 3 related invariants: The (a) convergence and (b) decelerating divergence of any 2 poles specified that heading was to the outside of the nearer pole, and the (c) crossover of 2 poles specified that heading was to the outside of the farther pole. With all poles stationary, the field of 45 pairwise movements yielded a coherent specification of heading. With I pole moving with respect to the others, however, the field could yield an incoherent heading solution. Such incoherence was readily detectable; similar pole motion leading to coherent flow, however, was less readily detectable.
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