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  • Title: A procedure to produce gnotobiotic calves by cesarean section.
    Author: Kashiwazaki M, Namioka S, Mitani K, Kono M, Nakahara T.
    Journal: Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo); 1975; 15(4):186-91. PubMed ID: 1207779.
    Abstract:
    An effective and economical method was developed for procuring and rearing calves in gnotobiotic conditions. To evaluate apparatuses and surgical techniques, three calves, 1 to 3, welf 1 was weak and pale at delivery and died within 5 hours after delivery. Calf 2 was delivered alive, but died from a human error at 3 days of age. It was free from demonstrable bacteria and fungi at that time. Calf 3 was also successfully delivered and raised. It was killed at 10 days of age, since fungi were isolated from the feces and waste materials from it.
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