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  • Title: Conditioned opioid withdrawal decreases nociceptin/orphanin FQ levels in the frontal cortex and olfactory tubercle.
    Author: Walker JR, Terenius L, Koob GF.
    Journal: Neuropsychopharmacology; 2002 Aug; 27(2):203-11. PubMed ID: 12093594.
    Abstract:
    Clinical evidence suggests that individuals experiencing drug withdrawal can become conditioned to environmental situations, whereby previously neutral stimuli can produce symptoms of withdrawal. It is believed that this "conditioned withdrawal" can have motivational significance, but the neurobiological basis for conditioned withdrawal is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine adaptations in endogenous opioid systems that may be responsible for expression of conditioned withdrawal. Opioid-dependent rats trained to lever press for food were exposed to tone and scent cues in the presence of naloxone or saline. Naloxone but not saline predictably suppressed responding for food. One month later and in a post-dependent state, all rats again were exposed to the cues but not naloxone. The conditioned cues alone suppressed responding for food in the rats previously paired with naloxone, but no suppression was seen in rats previously paired with saline. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) analysis for nociceptin/orphanin FQ (nociceptin), met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (MEAP), and dynorphin A (dyn A) was performed from dissections of various brain regions of the rats undergoing conditioned withdrawal. Significant reductions in nociceptin peptide levels were seen in the frontal cortex and olfactory tubercle of these rats. Unconditioned opioid withdrawal and unconditioned footshock stress produced different patterns of opioid peptide regulation in separate groups of rats. These results shed light on adaptations of endogenous opioid systems to conditioned cues, stress, and withdrawal, all factors that play a role in motivating drug intake.
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