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  • Title: [The participation of married women in the labor force in relation to their level of education--with a focus on their marriage and childbearing periods].
    Author: Nakano E.
    Journal: Jinko Mondai Kenkyu; 1984 Jul; (171):36-52. PubMed ID: 12155126.
    Abstract:
    An attempt is made to clarify the factors causing an increase since 1975; in the labor-force participation of married Japanese women. Retrospective survey data are used to determine how such factors as women's educational level and family life stages contribute to their labor-force participation. Several major results are presented: 1) The employement rate of Japanese wives forms an m-shaped curve--the rate is high 0-4 years following marriage but declines between 5-9 years, and rises again sharply 10 years after marriage and onward. There is a large difference in the employment rate between a wife with a child and one without; in the former case, the employment rate is low 0-9 years after marriage. 2) As to the employment rates of wives classified by educational level, it has been noted that the higher the level of educational attainment, the higher the employment rates. The reason is that when wives with a high level of educational attainment work outside the home, the majority of them choose full time work and few become part time workers, with the result that they find it difficult to continue working during their childbearing and child rearing periods. In contrast, many wives whose educational attainment is no higher than those of a junior or senior high school graduate choose a part time job during these 2 periods. 3) An overwhelmingly high percentage of women who worked before and continue to work after marriage have a high level of educational attainment. Conversely, the wives with lower levels of educational attainment tend to work sporadically. 4) Of the wives who worked full time before marriage, 37% continue to be employed and 44% become nonworkers at the stage between the time of their marriage and their 1st birth. The younger the wives, the number who continue working increases gradually. Moreover, many of the women who continue to work as full time employees both before and after marriage are those with the higher levels of educational attainment. 5) For the wives with a high level of educational attainment who continued working during the 1st stage of their married lives up until the birth of their 1st child, 2/3 continued to work even at the 2nd stage, the period from the birth of the 1st child to that of the 2nd. (author's modified)
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