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  • Title: Population change and educational development.
    Author: Jayasuriya JE.
    Journal: Bull Unesco Reg Off Educ Asia Pac; 1982 Jun; (23):1-22. PubMed ID: 12265642.
    Abstract:
    The 4 principal conditions of a stable society are: 1) minimum disruption of ecological processes, 2) maximum conservation of material and energy or an economy of stock rather than flow, 3) a population in which recruitment equals loss, and 4) a social system in which individuals can enjoy rather than be restricted by the 1st 3 conditions. In 1960 the developing countries set goals relating to education including the achievement of universal primary education, the eradication of illiteracy, and the provision of secondary and tertiary education to meet manpower needs. The countries with the highest enrollment ratios in 1980 were Korea, 100%, Singapore, 100%, Malaysia, 94%, Philippines 80.6%, Thailand, 77.8%, and Iran 75.5%. Eradication of illiteracy has not been reached since by 1990 Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan will have illiteracy rates of over 50% and as a result of increases in the absolute number of illiterates over the period of 1970-90 in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, the number of illiterates in the developing countries of Asia will increase from 339.1 million in 1970 to 425.6 million in 1990. The females and rural population are especially disadvantaged groups in terms of education; 98.4% of rural females are illiterate as compared to 63.8% of urban males and in Iran 91.7% of rural females compared with 31.3% of urban males are illiterate. One reason for shortfalls in the achievement of educational goals is rapid population growth, especially of school-age groups; for instance the total population aged 6-11 in Indonesia increased by 89.3%. In a study on the Philippines conducted in 1975 it was found that, for the series of high projections, the schedule of age-specific fertility rates observed for 1968-72 resulting in a total fertility rate of 5.89 would remain constant throughout the projection period, the death rate would decline by 4.8 points, international migration would remain negligible; for the low projections fertility rate would decline from 5.98-5.96 between 1970-72 and to 2.21 by the end of the century, the death rate would decline by 3.8 points and international migration would remain negligible. On the low projection there would be 14 million fewer 5-14 year olds to provide for in the year 2000 and the burden on the working age population would be 1/2 that of the higher projection. The curtailment of secondary and tertiary education or a reduction to some extent of their unit costs is a priority that should be pleasing to educational planners. Some of the reasons why a higher level of education in women is likely to be associated with lower fertility are: 1) education increases the opportunities for a career outside the home; 2) it increases aspirations for upward social mobility which acts as a counter attraction to motherhood; 3) it increases expectations for the better education and employment of children, which are better achieved with small families; 4) it delays the age of marriage of span of childbearing years; and 5) it is conducive to the development of attitudes regarding better quality of life and smaller families. Greater levels of education should decrease mortality by spreading health care knowledge and thus educational structures need to be developed for developing countries to achieve these goals.
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