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  • Title: Intrauterine effects of copper IUDs.
    Journal: Res Reprod; 1973 Jan; 5(1):1-2. PubMed ID: 12276534.
    Abstract:
    The known changes in uterine physiology which copper wire added to IUDs exerts include changes in levels of trace elements, cytochemistry of tissue, biochemistry of macromolecules and enzymes and morphology of the endometrium. About 50 mcg copper is released in the cervical mucus daily, or 10 mg yearly. Copper levels are highest in the proliferative and secretory phases; levels detected in uterine flushings and cervical mucus are sufficient to reduce viability of sperms and blastocysts. Although there is no massive inflammatory response, slight increases of leucocytes accumulate in the glandular lumen. Uterine protein level increases, the proportion of cells in the S-phase of DNA synthesis decreases, and alkaline phosphatase decreases in presence of a copper IUD. The significance for induction of infertility of the many alterations in intrauterine milieu is unknown but probably mechanism is either a direct effect on spermatozoa or blastocysts or changes in uterine condition at implantation.
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