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  • Title: Rural transport and population mobility in Indonesia.
    Author: Leinbach TR.
    Journal: J Dev Areas; 1983 Apr; 17(3):349-63. PubMed ID: 12279818.
    Abstract:
    Some aspects of mobility behavior were examined within a group of Indonesian village areas. Specifically, the objectives were to investigate for samples of residents the characteristics and locations of extra village employment; the nature of select short, repetitive trip activities with respect to frequency, distance, and mode of travel; and the characteristics of transport ownership and usage in the mobility behavior. The characteristics of contact and movement behavior were compared between a group of villages located on the fringe of large urban areas and another more rural and remote group of villages. Movement behavior was examined in conjunction with and as a possible impact of improved and new rural feeder road construction under the Cash Incentive Rural Works Program of the Indonesia government. The data were obtained from interviews at households in the immediate hinterlands of the feeder road improvements. The selected households were all located within 3 kilometers of the road projects, for few residences were found beyond this distance in the various areas. Proximity to an urban area did not greatly influence the total number of individuals who had obtained outside employment, for the totals were quite similar. And there was no evidence to support the idea that the kotamadya with the largest population in the urban fringe groups had drawn more rural individuals in search of employment opportunities than those kotamadya with smaller proportions. The data did show that many more individuals in the urban fringe groups tended to seek employment either in the nearest kotamadya or other large cities. Nearly 50% in the urban fringe groups working outside found employment in various kotamadya whereas, on the average, only 25% in the more remote, rural groups did so. In general, the information gathered reveals that extravillage employment is quite low in these very poor areas and that, rather than size of city, the information about those opportunities in connection with location of opportunities is important. Proximity to the city may have an influence upon the distribution of occupations among those who have gained outside employment. Improved accessibility had an effect on employment search, and the difference of the effect between the urban fringe groups and remote rural groups was significant. 5 times as many respondents in the urban fringe groups claimed that network and related transport service improvements were influential in the search for employment. Despite upgraded road structures, areas may not enjoy truly effective and convenient transport services. Commuting was more important in the near urban samples than in those that were more remote. A clear impact of the upgraded road networks was the attraction of scheduled minivan (oplet) transport services and the greater ownership of bicycles. In general, the impact of the upgrading combined with new services was greater in the near urban samples.
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