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  • Title: [Contraception for the diabetic woman].
    Author: Arlot S, Mesmacque A, Lalau JD, Quichaud J.
    Journal: Fertil Contracept Sex; 1988 Nov; 16(11):921-6. PubMed ID: 12282829.
    Abstract:
    Because of their vascular and metabolic risks for diabetic women, pregnancies must be carefully programmed to occur before the onset of degenerative diabetic manifestations. Diabetic women need an effective contraceptive method without undesirable side effects. The numerous side effects of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) are due to both the estrogens and progestins. Combined OCs have a diabetogenic effect whose mechanism is not clearly understood. Blood sugar levels are elevated under OCs and the insulin response is retarded and exaggerated. The number and affinity of insulin receptors are reduced. Norsteroid- derived progestins increase the state of insulin resistance. Combined OCs usually increase triglyceride levels. Changes in the level of high- density lipoprotein cholesterol under combined OCs vary with the estrogen and progestin content. Synthetic estrogens increase platelet aggregability, and blood pressure increases during OC use. Use of combined OCs represents increased vascular risk for diabetic women, with the risk of thrombosis multiplied by 4. Low dose progestin pills permit continued secretion of a small amount of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone which may cause a relative hyperestrogenism and undesirable side effects. The secondary effects are often poorly tolerated. Use of this type of pill is limited except among diabetic women, 25% of whom are users. The failure rate is estimated at .2-2%. Standard-dosed norsteroids are unsuitable for diabetic women because of their metabolic and vascular side effects. 2nd and 3rd generation progestins have yielded more promising results. IUDs are used by about 12% of the overall female population but 32% of diabetic women, mostly multiparas, despite the increased risk of infection. Local methods have a higher failure rate and their success depends on patient compliance with instructions. 14% of diabetic women in a recent survey reported having undergone tubal ligation, which is not strictly speaking a contraceptive method. Combined OCs should be avoided in insulin- dependent diabetics because of their metabolic and vascular effects. Diabetic retinopathy should be added to the list of absolute contraindications to these methods. Low-dose progestins can be used in insulin-dependent diabetics or if they are poorly tolerated a standard dose pill can be substituted. IUD is the method of choice for older, multiparous insulin-dependent diabetics. Sterilization may be considered, especially if pregnancy is absolutely contraindicated. Combined OCs are formally contraindicated for noninsulin-dependent diabetics. Low-dose progestins could be tried. IUDs are suitable for multiparas.
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