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  • Title: Migration and remittances: urban income and rural households in the Philippines.
    Author: Trager L.
    Journal: J Dev Areas; 1984 Apr; 13(3):317-40. PubMed ID: 12339814.
    Abstract:
    Concerned about rural-urban ties and the role of remittances in the context of migration to a provincial city in the Philippines, it is argued that remittances must be examined within their social and cultural context and as part of a broader set of 2-way flows of people, goods, and money. The ways in whic remittances are used and their importance for persons in the rural areas need to be considered at the household level, and not only at the level of individuals or of villages. Both survey and case data were used based on research in Dagupan City, a regional urban center in the northern part of the Central Luzon Plain. The available evidence suggests that there is considerable migration into Dagupan City, but because there also is considerable out-migration, the net migration rate is low. Migrants to Dagupan maintain extensive ties with family elsewhere, and particularly with members of their natal families living at home in the rural areas. People, goods, and money move back and forth between city and rural home as migrants visit relatives and receive return visits from them. The flows and exchanges that occur may be divided into several categories for analytical purposes, although they often occur simultaneously: visiting; bringing material goods on visits; and sending material goods. Of the 176 migrants surveyed, only 7 were neither visiting nor sending something to relatives elsewhere. 92% of the migrants reported that they visit relatives outside Dagupan, while 69.9% received return visits from home. In remitting money, there was practically no difference between males and females in this regard. Age seemed to have some effect on the giving of money, with over 60% of those in the 26-35 age bracket reporting remittances, in contrast to only 38% of those in the 36-45 age group and 37% of those over 46 years old. There was little difference with respect to the maintenance of other ties among the different age categories. Length of time in Dagupan did not affect seriously the maintenance of ties. Overall 88 migrants, or 50%, remitted money. Overall, the percentage of income remitted varied considerably. There are no clearcut patterns indicating the types of ties likely to be maintained or the likelihood of remittances being given. 4 case studies are presented of individual migrants in their family context in order to provide a context for understanding both variation in amounts given and variation in the ways in which remittances are used.
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