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  • Title: Smoking may be linked to primary tubal infertility.
    Journal: Contracept Technol Update; 1986 Feb; 7(2):15-7. PubMed ID: 12340521.
    Abstract:
    A recent case-control study conducted in King County, Washington, has implicated cigarette smoking in primary tubal infertility. Both cases and controls were questioned about their reproductive, medical, contraceptive, and sexual histories as well as on personal hygiene, demographic characteristics, and tobacco and alcohol use. Adjustments were made for the confounding effects of IUD use, number of sexual partners, and family income. Study results indicated that women who smoked at the time they started trying to become pregnant were 2.7 times more likely to have primary tubal infertility than nonsmokers. The magnitude of risk was influenced by the age at which the woman began smoking, the number of years she smoked and the average number of cigarettes smoked/day. The relative risk for women who began smoking before age 16 years and for those who smoked for more than 5 years was 4 times that of nomsmokers. On the other land, women who had qit smoking before trying to conceive had virtually no increased risk of tubal infertility. Women who had used the Dalkon Shield and smoked at the time they tried to conceive were 6.7 times more likely to have primary tubal infertility than women who had never smoked or used an IUD. However, women who had used a copper IUD were at little or no increased risk. Current smokers who had had more than 5 sexual partners were more than 5 times at risk of primary tubal infertility than nonsmokers with 4 or fewer sexual partners. These findings have led to speculation that smoking may have some relationship to infection with sexually transmitted diseases. Specifically, it has been suggested that smoking may exert a direct effect on the immune system, making it easier for sexually transmitted pathogens to enter the system. It is urged that women who plan to have children should be advised not to smoke, especially if they use a noncopper IUD or have many sexual partners.
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