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  • Title: Migration and development in Pakistan: some selected issues.
    Author: Irfan M.
    Journal: Pak Dev Rev; 1986; 25(4):743-55. PubMed ID: 12341747.
    Abstract:
    Various sources of cross-sectional data were used as a basis for considering some of the interrelationships between migration and development in Pakistan, particularly the effects on the labor-exporting rural areas. The available data yield a range of estimates as to the level of mobility. During the 1970s, around 7-10% of Pakistan's population changed residence. The incidence of migration was higher among females than males. Women's greater propensity to migrate can be attributed primarily to patrilocal marriage customs wherein a significant proportion of females migrate, particularly in the rural areas. According to the 1979 Population, Labor Force and Migration Survey, the share of migrants in the total female population fell from 11.8% to 4.8% when migration for marriage is excluded. In Pakistan, mobility is predominantly local or involves short distances only. Only 19% of the internal migrants crossed provincial boundaries. 29.8% of the flow was from rural to urban areas. The remainder of the volume of internal migration was shared equally by inter-city and urban-to-rural migrants. The coincidence of the timing of marriage and entry into the labor market in individuals' life cycles generated a peak for the 15-24 age group in the age-mobility curve. A positive association exists between education and the propensity to migrate. In terms of origin, the propensity to move exhibited by the higher educational group was higher (33%) in rural areas than in urban areas (10%). 83% of this group from rural areas moved to urban centers; 80% of the same educational background chose another urban center as destination. The data on remittances may suffer both from reporting areas and being unrepresentative. The remittances estimated due to internal migration, on the basis of the PLM survey, amounted to 3 billion rupees in 1978. On average, remittances accounted for 35% of the earnings of the migrants. Average remittances were substantially less than the earnings of nonmigrants of comparable skill and education in the supplying areas. Migration may lead to an improvement in income distribution because labor exodus may generate tight labor market conditions in supplying areas, resulting in increased wages of rural workers. The evidence of Pakistan tended to support this. According to the findings of the PLM Survey, a higher level of outmigration is recorded for owner-operators, followed by share croppers, with landless labor ranking the lowest. Some of the multivariate regressions for urban married females suggest a negative relationship between children ever born and premarital residence in rural areas. This disruptive effect was marginally significant and but also specific to parity and age of the female.
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