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  • Title: Prostaglandin E2 protects gastric mucosal cells from apoptosis via EP2 and EP4 receptor activation.
    Author: Hoshino T, Tsutsumi S, Tomisato W, Hwang HJ, Tsuchiya T, Mizushima T.
    Journal: J Biol Chem; 2003 Apr 11; 278(15):12752-8. PubMed ID: 12556459.
    Abstract:
    Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) has a strong protective effect on the gastric mucosa in vivo; however, the molecular mechanism of a direct cytoprotective effect of PGE(2) on gastric mucosal cells has yet to be elucidated. Although we reported previously that PGE(2) inhibited gastric irritant-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in primary cultures of guinea pig gastric mucosal cells, we show here that PGE(2) inhibits the ethanol-dependent release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Of the four main subtypes of PGE(2) receptors, we also demonstrated, using subtype-specific agonists, that EP(2) and EP(4) receptors are involved in the PGE(2)-mediated protection of gastric mucosal cells from ethanol-induced apoptosis. Activation of EP(2) and EP(4) receptors is coupled with an increase in cAMP, for which a cAMP analogue was found here to inhibit the ethanol-induced apoptosis. The increase in cAMP is known to activate both protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. An inhibitor of PKA but not of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase blocked the PGE(2)-mediated protection of cells from ethanol-induced apoptosis, suggesting that a PKA pathway is mainly responsible for the PGE(2)-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. Based on these results, we considered that PGE(2) inhibited gastric irritant-induced apoptosis in gastric mucosal cells via induction of an increase in cAMP and activation of PKA, and that this effect was involved in the PGE(2)-mediated protection of the gastric mucosa from gastric irritants in vivo.
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