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  • Title: Effect of oral contraceptives on rhythmic urinary metal excretion.
    Author: Weinmann S, Dawson EB, Smolensky MH, Weisberg RF, Lane B, Bryan S.
    Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol; 1976 Apr 01; 124(7):719-22. PubMed ID: 1258930.
    Abstract:
    Thirteen women, six of whom were using oral contraceptive agents, between the ages of 23 and 34 years, free from illness, and without a previous clinical history of menstrual abnormality, were studied with chronobiological methods for circadian (about 24 hour) patterns of metal and creatinine excretinine excretion. Circadian rhythms were detected for the excretion of lithium, potassium, iron, sodium, copper, and creatinine. Statistically significant by lower 24 hour excretion (mesors) of lithium, potassium, and iron was detected for the subjects using oral contraceptive agents. Although all women adhered to nearly identical activity-rest (synchronization) schedules, the peak times (acrophases) of the metal excretory rhythms for oral contraceptive users were phase delayed by about two hours. The effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on circadian (24 hours) rhythms of metal and creatinine excretion were studied by chronobiological methods in 13 young, healthy women. 6 of the women were using OCs at the time of the study. Circadian rhythms were apparent for both control subjects and OC users for sodium, iron, potassium, and copper, and for lithium and creatinine for OC users only. Mesor values were significantly different for users and controls: urinary levels of potassium, iron, and lithium were considerably less for OC users (p less than .005), as were values for copper (p less than .1). Metal excretory rhythms for OC-users were phase-delayed by about 2 hours, even though both study groups had nearly identical activity-rest schedules.
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