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  • Title: Grading system for gunshot injuries to the femoral diaphysis in civilians.
    Author: Long WT, Chang W, Brien EW.
    Journal: Clin Orthop Relat Res; 2003 Mar; (408):92-100. PubMed ID: 12616044.
    Abstract:
    One hundred patients had surgical treatment for a gunshot injury to the femur at the authors' hospital. Each injury was classified (Grade 1-3) based on clinical and radiographic signs of deep soft tissue necrosis. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months (average, 18 months; range, 6 months-72 months). Grade 1 injuries are defined by small entry and exit wounds (< 2 cm) and the absence of high-energy characteristics on plain radiographs. Grade 2 gunshot injuries have small wounds (< 5 cm) and radiographic evidence of a high-energy injury. Grade 3 gunshot injuries are diagnosed by physical examination whenever necrotic muscle is present at the fracture site. Radiographs show extensive superficial and deep soft tissue disruption and segmental bone destruction. Seventy-nine patients with Grade 1 fractures had intramedullary nailing without wound exploration; all fractures united without infection. Seven patients with Grade 2 injuries had wound exploration; a necrotic cavity was discovered in five patients and three (43%) patients had deep infection develop. Fourteen patients with Grade 3 injuries had one or more debridements followed by skeletal stabilization, and seven patients (50%) had deep infection develop. Important decisions regarding wound debridement and fracture stabilization are determined by examination of the wound and radiographs, and not by determining muzzle velocity.
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