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  • Title: Congenitally missing mandibular second premolar: treatment outcome with orthodontic space closure.
    Author: Fines CD, Rebellato J, Saiar M.
    Journal: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop; 2003 Jun; 123(6):676-82. PubMed ID: 12806350.
    Abstract:
    Orthodontic treatment for patients with congenitally missing mandibular second premolars can be challenging. Treatment options include keeping the deciduous second molar, extracting the molars and allowing the space to close spontaneously, autotransplantation, prosthetic replacement, and orthodontic space closure. Space closure with orthodontic appliances is demonstrated in this case report.
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