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  • Title: Innovative developments in the selective removal and reuse of heavy metals from wastewaters.
    Author: Veeken AH, Rulkens WH.
    Journal: Water Sci Technol; 2003; 47(10):9-16. PubMed ID: 12862211.
    Abstract:
    Sulphide precipitation of heavy metal containing wastewaters results in low effluent concentrations. However, sulphide precipitation is not widely applied in practice because the dosing of sulphide cannot adequately be controlled. A new process was developed where the combination of a sulphide-selective electrode (pS-electrode) and pH electrode controls the sulphide addition. Precipitation experiments were performed on a laboratory-scale in batch and continuous reactor systems with synthetic wastewaters containing Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb or Zn. The response of the pS-electrode during precipitation was unique for each heavy metal and was directly related to the solubility product of the corresponding metal sulphide. The metals were removed to levels < 0.05 mg l(-1) at pH 6.0 by sulphide precipitation while maintaining a total sulphide concentration < 0.02 mg l(-1). By the control of pS at different levels and keeping the pH constant at 6.0, the metals in solutions of both Cu and Zn could be precipitated selectively from solution in a batch and continuous reactors. The use of a membrane reactor in combination with control of pH and pS offers a simple, cheap, efficient and sustainable technique with respect to obtaining very low effluent concentrations and selective removal of metals as pure metal sulphides which can be reused.
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