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  • Title: Surgical extraction of infected pacemaker leads after cardiac surgery.
    Author: Nouraei SM, Bexton RS, Hasan A.
    Journal: Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann; 2003 Jun; 11(2):167-8. PubMed ID: 12878570.
    Abstract:
    Surgical extraction of permanent pacemaker leads is performed when noninvasive extraction is felt to be unsafe or has been unsuccessfully attempted. Surgical extraction in patients with previous cardiac surgery presents a particular challenge as re-sternotomy is hazardous and the presence of surgical adhesions makes video-assisted approaches difficult. We report 2 cases of successful deployment of a surgical technique using femorofemoral cardiopulmonary bypass and right anterior thoracotomy for removal of pacemaker leads.
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