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  • Title: Epicardial echocardiography: diagnostic utility for evaluating aortic valve disease during coronary surgery.
    Author: Frenk VE, Shernan SK, Eltzschig HK.
    Journal: J Clin Anesth; 2003 Jun; 15(4):271-4. PubMed ID: 12888162.
    Abstract:
    Intraoperative epicardial echocardiography is commonly used to evaluate the ascending aorta for atheromatous disease before cannulation and cross clamping. In addition, it may serve as a cardiac imaging technique in patients where placement of a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe is contraindicated, probe advancement is difficult, or a TEE probe is not available. We report a patient who was taken to the OR for coronary artery bypass grafting. Intraoperative TEE was planned to evaluate aortic valve function. However, attempts to place a TEE probe were abandoned due to high resistance on probe insertion. Epicardial echocardiography revealed previously undiagnosed aortic valve disease resulting in replacement of this valve.
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