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  • Title: Measurement of the linear dynamics of the descent of the bovine fetal testis.
    Author: Edwards MJ, Smith MS, Freeman B.
    Journal: J Anat; 2003 Jul; 203(1):133-42. PubMed ID: 12892412.
    Abstract:
    Measurements were made on 86 male bovine fetuses collected from abattoirs in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia. The fetal body length was used to calculate the approximate day of gestational age (DGA); most fetuses were between 60 and 150 DGA. The distances from the caudal pole of the kidney (metanephros) to, respectively, the tip of the scrotum, the distal end of the testis and the internal ring of the inguinal canal were measured, as well as the dimensions of the testis and gubernaculum testis. Distances of (1) testis to inguinal canal, (2) inguinal canal to scrotum, (3) testis to scrotum and (4) gubernaculum to scrotum were calculated from these measurements, which were made on both left and right sides. The total length of the gubernaculum testis increased during transabdominal passage and during transinguinal passage of the testis. Furthermore, the gubernaculum appeared to maintain the testis at a relatively fixed distance from the scrotum during transabdominal passage so that the inguinal canal appeared to move towards the testis. The greatest distance between the testis and the tip of the scrotum was found during the transinguinal passage of the testis and was 2.8 cm for the left testis and 2.3 cm for the right. When located within the scrotum, each testis was still 1.6-1.7 cm from the tip of the scrotum, so the distance to be traversed was only 0.6-1.2 cm. Following passage of the testis through the inguinal canal, the gubernaculum became shorter and its distal tip was displaced toward the distal end of the scrotum. Traction by the gubernaculum could account for the final transposition of the testis from the external inguinal ring to the scrotum. Other factors involved in displacement of the testis include differential growth patterns as well as increases in the dimensions of the testis itself.
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