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  • Title: Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula identified by three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography--technical note.
    Author: Ishida F, Kojima T, Kawaguchi K, Hoshino T, Murao K, Taki W.
    Journal: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo); 2003 Jul; 43(7):369-72; discussion 373. PubMed ID: 12924600.
    Abstract:
    Conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) identified a right carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF). Three-dimensional DSA (3D-DSA) was used to evaluate the CCF before treatment. The 3D-DSA images showed the anatomical relationship of the parent artery and the veins, which was difficult to understand on conventional DSA. The endoscopic image revealed the fistula and cavernous sinus. The direction and location of the fistula could be confirmed. However, the size of the fistula significantly varied depending on the adjustment of the window thresholds, so the balloon size could not be selected based on the images. Catheterization and subsequent embolization of the cavernous sinus with a detachable balloon via the femoral artery was successfully accomplished by referring to the 3D-DSA images.
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