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  • Title: Gamma-ray sterilization and residual toxicity studies of ground beef inoculated with spores of Clostridium botulinum.
    Author: KEMPE LL, GRAIKOSKI JT.
    Journal: Appl Microbiol; 1962 Jan; 10(1):31-6. PubMed ID: 14455088.
    Abstract:
    Inoculated packs of cooked and raw ground beef were sterilized with gamma radiation from cobalt-60. With inocula of 5,000,000 Clostridium botulinum 213B spores per g of cooked ground beef, 3.8 megarad were required for sterilization; in raw ground beef, 3.72 megarad sterilized the meat when inocula of 1,700,000 C. botulinum 213B spores were used per g. Using C. botulinum 62A spores, cooked ground beef inoculated with 5,200,000 spores per g was sterilized with 3.85 megarad; raw ground beef, inoculated with 2,670,000 spores per g, was sterilized with 3.6 megarad. Cans of meat that were considered sterile by lack of culture growth after incubation for at least 6 months and, in some instances, as long as 5 years, were tested for the presence of botulinus toxin. No toxin was found in any meat taken from inoculated packs prepared from C. botulinum 213B spores; however, all cans of meat that had been inoculated with more than 2,670,000 C. botulinum 62A spores per g of meat, contained type A toxin. It was shown that these latter inocula of heat-shocked spores, by themselves, contained sufficient toxin to kill mice. However, more toxin appeared to be present than could be ascribed to the unirradiated spores alone. This finding is discussed.
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