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  • Title: Current therapy for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
    Author: Blocksom JM, Tokioka S, Sugawa C.
    Journal: Surg Endosc; 2004 Feb; 18(2):186-92. PubMed ID: 14625723.
    Abstract:
    Upper gastrointestinal bleeding continues to plague physicians despite the discovery of Helicobacter pylori and advances in medical therapy for peptic ulcer disease. Medical therapy with new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and somatostatin/octreotide and intravenous proton pump inhibitors provides hope for reducing the incidence of and treating bleeding peptic ulcer disease. Endoscopic therapy remains the mainstay for diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Many methods of endoscopic hemostasis have proven useful in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Currently, combination therapy with epinephrine injection and bicap or heater probe therapy is most commonly employed in the United States. Angiography and embolization play a role primarily when endoscopic therapy is unsuccessful.
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