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  • Title: Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and conduct problems among african american children.
    Author: Kim IJ, Ge X, Brody GH, Conger RD, Gibbons FX, Simons RL.
    Journal: J Fam Psychol; 2003 Dec; 17(4):571-83. PubMed ID: 14640806.
    Abstract:
    The occurrence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and conduct problems were examined in the context of parenting behaviors in a community-based sample of 897 African American children and their primary caregivers using a multi-informant, longitudinal design. Parenting behaviors and clinical symptoms were assessed in 2 waves, when the children averaged 10.5 and 12.3 years of age. Parenting behaviors differed significantly according to a child's symptomatology; (a) that is, when a child exhibited no depressive or conduct problems, (b) depressive problems only, (c) conduct problems only, or (d) co-occurring depressive and conduct problems. When parenting behaviors were examined according to changes in children's symptom levels, children whose symptoms increased over time reported increases in hostility and harsh-inconsistent parenting and decreases in warmth and nurturant-involved parenting.
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