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  • Title: An intrinsic mechanism to stabilize posture--joint-angle-dependent moment arms of the feline ankle muscles.
    Author: Young RP, Scott SH, Loeb GE.
    Journal: Neurosci Lett; 1992 Oct 12; 145(2):137-40. PubMed ID: 1465209.
    Abstract:
    The neuromuscular system can use sensory feedback to regulate motion, but these feedback loops involve relatively long delays (50-100 ms) and may produce undesirable oscillations. However, stabilizing changes in muscle force can also be provided intrinsically (i.e. without feedback) by 2 properties of the muscle itself, its force-length and force-velocity relationships. We have discovered another intrinsically stabilizing mechanism in the musculoskeletal architecture of the cat ankle joint. Many of its muscles have their predominant moment arms about the adduction/abduction axis, with smaller moment arms for inversion/eversion and about the principal axis of motion, dorsiflexion/extension. The magnitudes of the moment arms in ab/adduction and in/eversion depend strongly on joint angle, increasing for positions away from neutral that lengthen the muscles. Thus, co-activation of agonist-antagonist pairs, known to occur in these muscles, would provide immediate stabilizing changes in torque when the ankle is perturbed away from neutral position.
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