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  • Title: The effect of sonication on microbial disinfection using hypochlorite.
    Author: Duckhouse H, Mason TJ, Phull SS, Lorimer JP.
    Journal: Ultrason Sonochem; 2004 May; 11(3-4):173-6. PubMed ID: 15081976.
    Abstract:
    Ultrasound alone is capable of killing bacteria when sufficient power is applied but ultrasound at low powers can also be used to improve the effectiveness biocides. In this paper, we explore the effect of the timing of the ultrasonic treatment at 20 and 850 kHz on the biocidal efficiency of sodium hypochlorite solution towards Escherchia coli suspensions. A remarkable frequency effect has been noted. At the lower frequency of 20 kHz the improvement in biocidal activity is greatest when the ultrasound is applied at the same time as the hypochlorite. At the higher frequency of 850 kHz the improvement is best when ultrasound is used as a pre-treatment immediately followed by hypochlorite addition under normal (silent) conditions. The kill rate achieved for pre-treatment using 850 kHz and simultaneous treatment using 20 kHz are very similar. However the former involves less acoustic energy and so is considered to be the more efficient.
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