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  • Title: Progesterone, but not 17beta-estradiol, increases TNF-alpha secretion in U937 monocytes.
    Author: Jain SK, Kannan K, Prouty L, Jain SK.
    Journal: Cytokine; 2004 May 07; 26(3):102-5. PubMed ID: 15135803.
    Abstract:
    The Women Health Initiative Clinical trial results suggest that post-menopausal women receiving estrogen + progesterone are at risk for heart disease compared with estrogen alone supplemented women. We examined the hypothesis that progesterone but not 17beta-estradiol (E) increases the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. U937 human monocytes were cultured with normal or high glucose in the presence and absence of estrogen or progesterone at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Results show that estrogen inhibits IL-6 but not TNF-alpha secretion (p < 0.05) in monocytes activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or high glucose. In addition, progesterone increased the TNF-alpha secretion in activated monocytes. Thus, progesterone supplementation along with estrogen may increase blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and thus risk of heart disease in post-menopausal women.
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