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  • Title: Pharmacology of carvedilol.
    Author: Dulin B, Abraham WT.
    Journal: Am J Cardiol; 2004 May 06; 93(9A):3B-6B. PubMed ID: 15144929.
    Abstract:
    Carvedilol is a third-generation, neurohormonal antagonist with multiple activities. It blocks both beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, enhances vasodilation via alpha(1)-adrenergic blockade, and, at high concentrations, has ion channel-blocking activities. Carvedilol lacks sympathomimetic activity. In addition to these well-known properties, carvedilol has a number of ancillary activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Together, they contribute to the clinical efficacy of carvedilol in a broad spectrum of patient types and may also confer a range of cardioprotective benefits.
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