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  • Title: [Bipolar disorders--how to recognize and treat them].
    Author: Grunze H, Sasse J, Forsthoff A, Bauer M.
    Journal: MMW Fortschr Med; 2004 May 24; 146 Spec No 2():4-6, 8. PubMed ID: 15376694.
    Abstract:
    Bipolar disorders are often diagnosed too late with an average of ten years elapsing between the first disease episode and the correct diagnosis and treatment. The most common misdiagnoses are unipolar depression, schizophrenia and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). The suicide rate associated with bipolar disease is very high. Treatment consists in the administration of mood stabilizers, in the first instance lithium, but also atypical neuroleptics or lamotrigine. In the depressive phase, additional antidepressants or lamotrigine, in the manic phase valproate or an antipsychotic agent may be needed. Medication must be continued unchanged for several months beyond acute treatment. The subsequent relapse prophylaxis depends on effectiveness, tolerability, comorbidity, suicidal risk and compliance. Pharmacotherapy is supplemented by psychotherapy and psycho-education.
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