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  • Title: Bipolar disorder: I. Temperament and character.
    Author: Engström C, Brändström S, Sigvardsson S, Cloninger R, Nylander PO.
    Journal: J Affect Disord; 2004 Oct 01; 82(1):131-4. PubMed ID: 15465586.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: The nature of the relationship between personality and bipolar affective disorders is an important but unanswered question. METHODS: We have studied personality in bipolar patients by using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). TCI were administered to 100 euthymic bipolar patients and 100 controls from the normal population. RESULTS: Bipolar patients were significantly higher in harm avoidance (HA) and lower in reward dependence (RD), self-directedness (SD), and cooperativeness (CO) than controls. Bipolar patients are more fatigable, less sentimental, more independent, less purposeful, less resourceful, less empathic, less helpful, less pure-hearted, and have less impulse control than controls. Bipolar II patients are more impulsive, more fatigable, less resourceful, and have less impulse control than bipolar I patients. LIMITATIONS: Our results are limited to euthymic bipolar patients and cannot be generalized to affective disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Even when clinically euthymic on lithium maintenance, bipolar patients continue to have a characteristic cognitive deficit. This is in agreement with cognitive theories about cognitive deficits in depression that are regarded as important vulnerability factors in mood disorders.
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