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  • Title: In alcohol-treated rats, naloxone decreases extracellular dopamine and increases acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens: evidence of opioid withdrawal.
    Author: Rada P, Johnson DF, Lewis MJ, Hoebel BG.
    Journal: Pharmacol Biochem Behav; 2004 Dec; 79(4):599-605. PubMed ID: 15582668.
    Abstract:
    Withdrawal from ethanol is aversive. The question is why. As with the withdrawal from morphine, nicotine, diazepam and sugar, the ethanol withdrawal state may involve an increase in nucleus accumbens (NAc) acetylcholine (ACh) causing an alteration of the dopamine (DA)-ACh balance in favor of ACh. Therefore the effects of acute and chronic alcohol (1 gm/kg/day i.p.) treatment on extracellular concentrations of NAc ACh and DA were determined before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Ethanol initially increased DA to 119% of baseline as measured by microdialysis. This was still the case on the 21st day of ethanol injection when DA increased to 126%. There was no effect of ethanol on ACh. However, naloxone (3 mg/kg s.c.) injected the next day decreased extracellular DA to 83% of baseline and caused a significant rise in ACh to 119%. This state of high ACh combined with low DA may contribute to the aversive aspects of alcohol withdrawal.
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