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  • Title: Detection of respiratory sounds at the external ear.
    Author: Pressler GA, Mansfield JP, Pasterkamp H, Wodicka GR.
    Journal: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng; 2004 Dec; 51(12):2089-96. PubMed ID: 15605855.
    Abstract:
    Several clinical and ambulatory settings necessitate respiratory monitoring without a mouthpiece or facemask. Several studies have demonstrated the utility of breathing sound measurements performed on the chest or neck to detect airflow. However, there are limitations to skin surface measurements, including susceptibility to external noise and transducer motion. Thus, this two-part study investigated a novel location for breathing sound measurements: the external ear. The first study investigated characteristics of sound transmission from the oropharynx to the external ear in 19 adults (nine males). Broadband noise was directed into the oropharynx through a tube and mouthpiece and measured indirectly via an accelerometer affixed to the cheek. Resultant transmission to the external ear was measured with a microphone inserted into an earplug that provided acoustic isolation from ambient noise. Near-unity coherence estimates (> 0.9) between the sounds recorded at the external ear and the oropharynx were observed up to approximately 800 Hz, indicating a low-frequency region of preferred transmission. In the second study, each of 20 subjects (nine males) breathed through a pneumotachograph at targeted shallow (3.0 mL/s/kg) and tidal (7.5 mL/s/kg) flows normalized to body mass, and the resulting sounds were recorded at the external ear. Recordings during breath hold measured background noise. Shallow and tidal expiratory flows, respectively, produced signal-plus-noise-to-noise [(S + N)/N] ratios of 6.7 +/- 4.1 dB and 14.0 +/- 5.3 dB (mean +/- standard deviation) across all subjects between 150 and 300 Hz. Concurrent inspiration demonstrated (S + N)/N ratios of 6.6 +/- 3.9 dB and 14.9 +/- 6.3 dB. Thus, the external ear shows promise as an anatomic site to detect and monitor breathing in a relatively noninvasive and unobtrusive manner.
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