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  • Title: Mechanisms involved in the low-level regeneration of CD4+ cells in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy who have prolonged undetectable plasma viral loads.
    Author: Benveniste O, Flahault A, Rollot F, Elbim C, Estaquier J, Pédron B, Duval X, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Clayette P, Sterkers G, Simon A, Ameisen JC, Leport C.
    Journal: J Infect Dis; 2005 May 15; 191(10):1670-9. PubMed ID: 15838794.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Persistent low CD4(+) cell counts are observed in 5%-27% of patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection despite their having prolonged undetectable plasma viral loads. METHODS: To understand the possible mechanisms of this discordant immunological situation, a prospective transsectional case-control study was designed. HIV-1-infected subjects who had a plasma viral load <200 copies/mL for >1 year were considered to be case patients if their CD4(+) cell count was <250/mm(3); control patients had CD4(+) cell counts >500/mm(3) and were matched by sex, age, and nadir CD4(+) cell count to case patients. T cell proliferation after stimulation with various antigens, T cell subset counts, T cell rearrangement excision circles (TRECs), T cells undergoing apoptosis, cytokines influencing apoptosis, and cellular proviral DNA and plasma viral RNA persistence were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with the 19 control patients, the 19 case patients had undistinguishable lymphoproliferative responses to candidin and cytomegalovirus, fewer naive CD4(+) cells (CD45RA(+)62L(+), 23%+/-13% vs. 47%+/-14%; P<.0001), lower thymic output (1.28 vs. 3.95 TRECs/microL of blood; P=.0015), increased cell death by apoptosis (spontaneous, 23.2%+/-8.3% vs. 11.9%+/-8.4% [P=.02]; Fas induced, 38.6%+/-13.7% vs. 16.4%+/-8.0% [P=.004]), higher levels of plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (9.6 vs. 5.3 ng/mL; P=.0058), and undistinguishable plasma HIV-1 and cellular proviral DNA loads. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms responsible for the low-level regeneration of CD4(+) cells involve, at least, deficiency in the regeneration of central CD4(+) cells and excessive apoptosis.
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