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  • Title: Dysphagia in the young male: the ringed esophagus.
    Author: Smith MA, Patterson GA, Cooper JD.
    Journal: Ann Thorac Surg; 2006 Jan; 81(1):354-6. PubMed ID: 16368405.
    Abstract:
    The endoscopic view of the multi-ringed esophagus readily explains why the term "tracheal esophagus" is applicable. This entity may be undiagnosed until dysphagia and impactions secondary to strictures occur in the young male. Several factors point to a congenital rather than an acquired disorder. Treatment consists of slow, progressive dilatations that are repeated for recurrent dysphagia.
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