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  • Title: Cardiac syndrome X: a critical overview and future perspectives.
    Author: Lanza GA.
    Journal: Heart; 2007 Feb; 93(2):159-66. PubMed ID: 16399854.
    Abstract:
    The classic definition of cardiac syndrome X (CSX) seems inadequate both for clinical and research purposes and should be replaced with one aimed at including a sufficiently homogeneous group of patients with the common plausible pathophysiological mechanism of coronary microvascular dysfunction. More specifically, CSX should be defined as a form of stable effort angina, which, according to careful diagnostic investigation, can reasonably be attributed to abnormalities in the coronary microvascular circulation.
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