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  • Title: Conformational, concomitant polymorphs of 4,4-diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone: conformation and lattice energy compensation in the kinetic and thermodynamic forms.
    Author: Roy S, Banerjee R, Nangia A, Kruger GJ.
    Journal: Chemistry; 2006 May 03; 12(14):3777-88. PubMed ID: 16514685.
    Abstract:
    4,4-Diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (1) crystallized as four conformational polymorphs and a record number of 19 crystallographically independent molecules have been characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction: form A (P2(1), Z'=1), form B (P1, Z'=4), form C (P1, Z'=12), and form D (Pbca, Z'=2). We have now confirmed by variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction that form A is the thermodynamic polymorph and B is the kinetic form of the enantiotropic system A-D. Differences in the packing of the molecules in these polymorphs result from different acidic C-H donors approaching the C=O acceptor in C-H...O chains and in synthons I-III, depending on the molecular conformation. The strength of the C-HO interaction in a particular structure correlates with the number of symmetry-independent conformations (Z') in that polymorph, that is, a short C-HO interaction leads to a high Z' value. Molecular conformation (Econf) and lattice energy (Ulatt) contributions compensate each other in crystal structures A, B, and D resulting in very similar total energies: Etotal of the stable form A=1.22 kcal mol(-1), the metastable form B=1.49 kcal mol(-1), and form D=1.98 kcal mol(-1). Disappeared polymorph C is postulated as a high-Z', high-energy precursor of kinetic form B. Thermodynamic form A matches with the third lowest energy frame based on the value of Ulatt determined in the crystal structure prediction (Cerius2, COMPASS) by full-body minimization. Re-ranking the calculated frames on consideration of both Econf (Spartan 04) and Ulatt energies gives a perfect match of frame #1 with stable structure A. Diphenylquinone 1 is an experimental benchmark used to validate accurate crystal structure energies of the kinetic and thermodynamic polymorphs separated by <0.3 kcal mol(-1) (approximately 1.3 kJ mol(-1)).
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