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  • Title: Phenothiazine molecule provides the basic chemical structure for various classes of pharmacotherapeutic agents.
    Author: Mosnaim AD, Ranade VV, Wolf ME, Puente J, Antonieta Valenzuela M.
    Journal: Am J Ther; 2006; 13(3):261-73. PubMed ID: 16772768.
    Abstract:
    The chemical structure of phenothiazine provides a most valuable molecular template for the development of agents able to interact with a wide variety of biological processes. Synthetic phenothiazines (with aliphatic, methylpiperazine, piperazine-ethanol, piperazine-ethyl, or piperidine side-chain) and/or phenothiazine-derived agents e.g., thioxanthenes, benzepines, imonostilbenes, tricyclic antidepressants, dimetothiazine, and cyproheptadine have been effective in the treatment of a number of medical conditions with widely different etiology. These include various currently clinically used drugs for their significant antihistamic, antipsychotic, anticholinergic (antiparkinson), antipruritic, and/or antiemetic properties. They are also employed, although to a minor extent, as antidepressants, antispasmodics, analgesics, and antiarrhythemics. Some of these agents are also useful as anti-inflammatory, coronary vasodilator, radioprotective, sedative, antitussive, and skeletal muscle-relaxing medication. Still, others show different degrees of effectiveness as antibacterials, anthelmintics, antimalarials, or local anesthetics; a few are valuable in the control of acute migraine attacks and intractable hiccough. Adding to the seemingly ever-expanding therapeutic use of phenothiazine derivatives, a number of "old" and newly synthesized compounds e.g., "half-mustard-type" and benzo[alpha]phenothiazines, appear to be helpful as multidrug resistance modifiers, a property of particular importance in cancer chemotherapy. Some phenothiazines inhibit human plasmatic leucine-enkephalin aminopeptidase(s), enzymes known to regulate the turnover rate of a wide range of bioactive substances. These findings could lead to the design of new therapeutic treatment modalities for conditions such as Alzeimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Hopefully, this work will help to the rational design of new and improved pharmacological approaches based on a better understanding of the correlation between chemical structure, pharmacodynamic properties, and pharmacological activity of various phenothiazines and phenothiazine-derived classes of drugs.
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